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The following resources are available at
the MHS
Reference Library. They are good places to begin your
research on the Duluth lynchings and related topics. For further resources, search
the library catalog.
Allen, James, et
al. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America.
Santa Fe, N.M.: Twin Palms, 2000.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D43312471
Chadbourn, James
Harmon. Lynching and the Law. Chapel Hill: The University
of North Carolina Press, 1933.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D2674472
Dindorf, William
Edward. History of the Duluth Police Department. Published
by and for the Benefit of the Duluth Policemen's Training
School. Duluth, Minn.: Duluth Policemen's Training School,
1920.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D30477742
Duluth Publishing
Co. (Duluth, Minn.). Mob Violence: A Photographic Review
and Descriptive Account of the Appalling Lynching of three
Negroes by a Revengeful Mob after Alleged Assault on a Young
White Girl, at Duluth, Minnesota, June 15, 1920. Duluth,
Minn.: Duluth Publishing Co., c1920.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D30489383
Fedo, Michael. The
Lynchings in Duluth. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society
Press, 2000.
[Originally published: "They Was Just Niggers".
Ontario, Calif.: Brasch and Brasch, c1979.]
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D43403426
They Chose Minnesota,
A Survey of Minnesota’s Ethnic Groups, edited by
June Drenning Holmquist. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society,
1981.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D7795186
National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People. Eleventh Annual
Report of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, for the Year 1920. New York: National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1921.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D17863591
Thirty Years
of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918. New York:
Negro Universities Press, 1969 [1919 ed.]
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D70916
Nelson, Paul D. Fredrick L. McGhee:
a Life on the Color Line, 1861-1912. St. Paul:
Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2002.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D48500919
Sandvik, Glen N.
Duluth: An Illustrated History of the Zenith City.
Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1983.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D9280829
Shay, Frank. Judge
Lynch, His First Hundred Years. New York: I. Washburn,
Inc., c1938
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D374718
Spangler, Earl.
The Negro in Minnesota. Minneapolis: T. S. Denison,
1961.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D1020755
Taylor, David Vassar.
African Americans in Minnesota.
St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2002.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D49610982
Blacks in Minnesota:
A Preliminary Guide to Historical Sources, compiled by
David Vassar Taylor. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society,
1976.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D2189395
Waskow, Arthur.
From Race Riot to Sit-in, 1919 and 1960s: A Study in the
Connections Between Conflict and Violence. Garden City,
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D253273
Wilkins, Roy. Standing
Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins. New York: Viking
Press, [1982].
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D8050513
Hoffbeck, Steven
R. “Victories Yet to Win: Charles W. Scrutchin, Bemidji's
Black Activist Attorney.” Minnesota History.
Vol. 55, no. 2 (Summer 1996).
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D35679278
Ziebarth, Marilyn.
“Judge Lynch in Minnesota.” Minnesota History,
Vol. 55/2 (Summer 1996).
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D47047296
“Duluth Apologizes
After 71 Years.” Crisis (New York, N.Y.) Vol.
99, no. 1 (Jan. 1992).
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D36945776
Fedo, Michael W.
Duluth lynchings book files, 1978-1979. Minnesota Historical
Society, St. Paul.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D900322309
Duluth (Minnesota)
lynchings of 1920: selected materials, 1920-1976 (bulk 1920-1925)
[microform]. Saint Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society,
2001.
[The entirety of this microfilm has been scanned and is searchable on the Duluth
Lynchings Online Resource website.]
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D900322841
National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People. Subject file: Lynching: Duluth, Minn., 1920-1921 [microform].
Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, c1987.
[NAACP records relating to the Duluth lynchings]
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D900323384
The lynchings and the black community in
Duluth are discussed in several oral history interviews conducted
from 1970-1975 as part of the Minnesota Black History Project.
http://mnhs.mnpals.net/F/?func=find-c&ccl_term=palsn%3D32747913
The Minnesota Black Newspaper Index
(pdf) is a guide to people and subjects — including the Duluth lynchings
— covered by the state’s black newspapers from the 1880s to 1940s.
The Duluth
News Tribune Newspaper Index (pdf) is a guide to articles
appearing in the Duluth News Tribune in the months
after the lynchings.
The Duluth
Herald Newspaper Index (pdf) is a guide to articles
appearing in the Duluth Herald in the months
after the lynchings.
Articles regarding the Duluth lynchings appeared
in several newspapers, including:
• The Appeal (St. Paul)
• Duluth Herald
• Duluth News Tribune
• Ely Miner
• Labor World. (Duluth)
• Mankato Daily Free Press
• Minneapolis Journal
• Minneapolis Messenger
• Minneapolis Morning Tribune
• Minnesota Messenger (Minneapolis)
• National Advocate (Minneapolis)
• Northwestern Bulletin (St. Paul)
• Saint Paul Dispatch
• St. Cloud Daily Times
• St. Paul Daily News
• St. Paul Echo
• St. Paul Pioneer Press
Use the Visual
Resources Database to search and view photographs, artwork,
and posters from the collections of the Minnesota Historical
Society, including historical photographs of Duluth and images
from the lynchings.
Clayton, Jackson, McGhie, Memorial Committee
http://www.claytonjacksonmcghie.org
Minnesota Public Radio.
Lynching Victims Memorial Takes Shape in Duluth.
http://news.mpr.org/projects/2001/06/lynching/index.shtml
PBS Online Newshour. Atonement.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan-june03/duluth_06-16.html
Tolerance.org. Duluth Remembers 1920 Lynching.
http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_tol.jsp?id=879
Without
Sanctuary
http://www.journale.com/withoutsanctuary/index_body.html
Public
Broadcasting Atlanta.
Atlanta 1906: A Race Riot.
http://www.bookmarkmedia.com/Atlanta1906/site/
Chicago
Public Library. The Race Riots: Biennial Report 1918-1919.
http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/text/coroner/intro.html
Illinois
Periodicals Online. The Springfield Race Riot of 1908.
http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/iht329622.html
Library
of Congress, American Memory.
African American Perspectives, Pamphlets from the Daniel
A. P. Murray Collection 1818-1907.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aaphome.html
University
of North Carolina.
Documenting the American South.
http://docsouth.unc.edu
PBS.
The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/index.html
American
RadioWorks. Remembering Jim Crow.
http://www.americanradioworks.org/features/remembering/
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